Docker 安全

Kernel Namespaces¶

Docker containers are essentially LXC containers, and they come with the same security features. When you start a container with docker run, behind the scenes Docker uses lxc-start to execute the Docker container. This creates a set of namespaces and control groups for the container. Those namespaces and control groups are not created by Docker itself, but by lxc-start. This means that as the LXC userland tools evolve (and provide additional namespaces and isolation features), Docker will automatically make use of them.

Namespaces provide the first and most straightforward form of isolation: processes running within a container cannot see, and even less affect, processes running in another container, or in the host system.

Each container also gets its own network stack, meaning that a container doesn’t get a privileged access to the sockets or interfaces of another container. Of course, if the host system is setup accordingly, containers can interact with each other through their respective network interfaces — just like they can interact with external hosts. When you specify public ports for your containers or use links then IP traffic is allowed between containers. They can ping each other, send/receive UDP packets, and establish TCP connections, but that can be restricted if necessary. From a network architecture point of view, all containers on a given Docker host are sitting on bridge interfaces. This means that they are just like physical machines connected through a common Ethernet switch; no more, no less.

How mature is the code providing kernel namespaces and private networking? Kernel namespaces were introduced between kernel version 2.6.15 and 2.6.26. This means that since July 2008 (date of the 2.6.26 release, now 5 years ago), namespace code has been exercised and scrutinized on a large number of production systems. And there is more: the design and inspiration for the namespaces code are even older. Namespaces are actually an effort to reimplement the features of OpenVZ in such a way that they could be merged within the mainstream kernel. And OpenVZ was initially released in 2005, so both the design and the implementation are pretty mature.

Control Groups¶

Control Groups are the other key component of Linux Containers. They implement resource accounting and limiting. They provide a lot of very useful metrics, but they also help to ensure that each container gets its fair share of memory, CPU, disk I/O; and, more importantly, that a single container cannot bring the system down by exhausting one of those resources.

So while they do not play a role in preventing one container from accessing or affecting the data and processes of another container, they are essential to fend off some denial-of-service attacks. They are particularly important on multi-tenant platforms, like public and private PaaS, to guarantee a consistent uptime (and performance) even when some applications start to misbehave.

Control Groups have been around for a while as well: the code was started in 2006, and initially merged in kernel 2.6.24.

Docker Daemon Attack Surface¶

Running containers (and applications) with Docker implies running the Docker daemon. This daemon currently requires root privileges, and you should therefore be aware of some important details.

First of all, only trusted users should be allowed to control your Docker daemon. This is a direct consequence of some powerful Docker features. Specifically, Docker allows you to share a directory between the Docker host and a guest container; and it allows you to do so without limiting the access rights of the container. This means that you can start a container where the /host directory will be the / directory on your host; and the container will be able to alter your host filesystem without any restriction. This sounds crazy? Well, you have to know that all virtualization systems allowing filesystem resource sharing behave the same way. Nothing prevents you from sharing your root filesystem (or even your root block device) with a virtual machine.

This has a strong security implication: if you instrument Docker from e.g. a web server to provision containers through an API, you should be even more careful than usual with parameter checking, to make sure that a malicious user cannot pass crafted parameters causing Docker to create arbitrary containers.

For this reason, the REST API endpoint (used by the Docker CLI to communicate with the Docker daemon) changed in Docker 0.5.2, and now uses a UNIX socket instead of a TCP socket bound on 127.0.0.1 (the latter being prone to cross-site-scripting attacks if you happen to run Docker directly on your local machine, outside of a VM). You can then use traditional UNIX permission checks to limit access to the control socket.

You can also expose the REST API over HTTP if you explicitly decide so. However, if you do that, being aware of the abovementioned security implication, you should ensure that it will be reachable only from a trusted network or VPN; or protected with e.g. stunnel and client SSL certificates.

Recent improvements in Linux namespaces will soon allow to run full-featured containers without root privileges, thanks to the new user namespace. This is covered in detail here. Moreover, this will solve the problem caused by sharing filesystems between host and guest, since the user namespace allows users within containers (including the root user) to be mapped to other users in the host system.

The end goal for Docker is therefore to implement two additional security improvements:

• map the root user of a container to a non-root user of the Docker host, to mitigate the effects of a container-to-host privilege escalation;
• allow the Docker daemon to run without root privileges, and delegate operations requiring those privileges to well-audited sub-processes, each with its own (very limited) scope: virtual network setup, filesystem management, etc.

Finally, if you run Docker on a server, it is recommended to run exclusively Docker in the server, and move all other services within containers controlled by Docker. Of course, it is fine to keep your favorite admin tools (probably at least an SSH server), as well as existing monitoring/supervision processes (e.g. NRPE, collectd, etc).

Linux Kernel Capabilities¶

By default, Docker starts containers with a very restricted set of capabilities. What does that mean?

Capabilities turn the binary “root/non-root” dichotomy into a fine-grained access control system. Processes (like web servers) that just need to bind on a port below 1024 do not have to run as root: they can just be granted the net_bind_service capability instead. And there are many other capabilities, for almost all the specific areas where root privileges are usually needed.

This means a lot for container security; let’s see why!

Your average server (bare metal or virtual machine) needs to run a bunch of processes as root. Those typically include SSH, cron, syslogd; hardware management tools (to e.g. load modules), network configuration tools (to handle e.g. DHCP, WPA, or VPNs), and much more. A container is very different, because almost all of those tasks are handled by the infrastructure around the container:

• SSH access will typically be managed by a single server running in the Docker host;
• cron, when necessary, should run as a user process, dedicated and tailored for the app that needs its scheduling service, rather than as a platform-wide facility;
• log management will also typically be handed to Docker, or by third-party services like Loggly or Splunk;
• hardware management is irrelevant, meaning that you never need to run udevd or equivalent daemons within containers;
• network management happens outside of the containers, enforcing separation of concerns as much as possible, meaning that a container should never need to perform ifconfig, route, or ip commands (except when a container is specifically engineered to behave like a router or firewall, of course).

This means that in most cases, containers will not need “real” root privileges at all. And therefore, containers can run with a reduced capability set; meaning that “root” within a container has much less privileges than the real “root”. For instance, it is possible to:

• deny all “mount” operations;
• deny access to raw sockets (to prevent packet spoofing);
• deny access to some filesystem operations, like creating new device nodes, changing the owner of files, or altering attributes (including the immutable flag);
• deny module loading;
• and many others.

This means that even if an intruder manages to escalate to root within a container, it will be much harder to do serious damage, or to escalate to the host.

This won’t affect regular web apps; but malicious users will find that the arsenal at their disposal has shrunk considerably! You can see the list of dropped capabilities in the Docker code, and a full list of available capabilities in Linux manpages.

Of course, you can always enable extra capabilities if you really need them (for instance, if you want to use a FUSE-based filesystem), but by default, Docker containers will be locked down to ensure maximum safety.

Other Kernel Security Features¶

Capabilities are just one of the many security features provided by modern Linux kernels. It is also possible to leverage existing, well-known systems like TOMOYO, AppArmor, SELinux, GRSEC, etc. with Docker.

While Docker currently only enables capabilities, it doesn’t interfere with the other systems. This means that there are many different ways to harden a Docker host. Here are a few examples.

• You can run a kernel with GRSEC and PAX. This will add many safety checks, both at compile-time and run-time; it will also defeat many exploits, thanks to techniques like address randomization. It doesn’t require Docker-specific configuration, since those security features apply system-wide, independently of containers.
• If your distribution comes with security model templates for LXC containers, you can use them out of the box. For instance, Ubuntu comes with AppArmor templates for LXC, and those templates provide an extra safety net (even though it overlaps greatly with capabilities).
• You can define your own policies using your favorite access control mechanism. Since Docker containers are standard LXC containers, there is nothing “magic” or specific to Docker.

Just like there are many third-party tools to augment Docker containers with e.g. special network topologies or shared filesystems, you can expect to see tools to harden existing Docker containers without affecting Docker’s core.

Conclusions¶

Docker containers are, by default, quite secure; especially if you take care of running your processes inside the containers as non-privileged users (i.e. non root).

You can add an extra layer of safety by enabling Apparmor, SELinux, GRSEC, or your favorite hardening solution.

Last but not least, if you see interesting security features in other containerization systems, you will be able to implement them as well with Docker, since everything is provided by the kernel anyway.

For more context and especially for comparisons with VMs and other container systems, please also see the original blog post.