发布于 2017-08-19 03:08:22 | 154 次阅读 | 评论: 0 | 来源: 网友投递
Hadoop分布式系统
一个分布式系统基础架构,由Apache基金会所开发。
用户可以在不了解分布式底层细节的情况下,开发分布式程序。充分利用集群的威力高速运算和存储。
Hadoop streaming
Hadoop为MapReduce提供了不同的API,可以方便我们使用不同的编程语言来使用MapReduce框架,而不是只局限于Java。这里要介绍的就是Hadoop streaming API。Hadoop streaming 使用Unix的standard streams作为我们mapreduce程序和MapReduce框架之间的接口。所以你可以用任何语言来编写MapReduce程序,只要该语言可以往standard input/output上进行读写。
streamming是天然适用于文字处理的(text processing),当然,也仅适用纯文本的处理,对于需要对象和序列化的场景,hadoop streaming无能为力。它力图使我们能够快捷的通过各种脚本语言,快速的处理大量的文本文件。以下是steaming的一些特点:
常用的Streaming编程语言:
Ruby
下面是一个Ruby编写的MapReduce程序的示例:
map
max_temperature_map.rb:
ruby
#!/usr/bin/env ruby
STDIN.each_line do |line|
val = line
year, temp, q = val[15,4], val[87,5], val[92,1]
puts "#{year}\t#{temp}" if (temp != "+9999" && q =~ /[01459]/)
end
reduce
max_temperature_reduce.rb:
ruby
#!/usr/bin/env ruby
last_key, max_val = nil, -1000000
STDIN.each_line do |line|
key, val = line.split("\t")
if last_key && last_key != key
puts "#{last_key}\t#{max_val}"
last_key, max_val = key, val.to_i
else
last_key, max_val = key, [max_val, val.to_i].max
end
end
puts "#{last_key}\t#{max_val}" if last_key
运行
% hadoop jar $HADOOP_INSTALL/contrib/streaming/hadoop-*-streaming.jar \
-input input/ncdc/sample.txt \
-output output \
-mapper ch02/src/main/ruby/max_temperature_map.rb \
-reducer ch02/src/main/ruby/max_temperature_reduce.rb
Python
Map
#!/usr/bin/env python
import re
import sys
for line in sys.stdin:
val = line.strip()
(year, temp, q) = (val[15:19], val[87:92], val[92:93])
if (temp != "+9999" and re.match("[01459]", q)):
print "%s\t%s" % (year, temp)
Reduce
#!/usr/bin/env python
import sys
(last_key, max_val) = (None, -sys.maxint)
for line in sys.stdin:
(key, val) = line.strip().split("\t")
if last_key and last_key != key:
print "%s\t%s" % (last_key, max_val)
(last_key, max_val) = (key, int(val))
else:
(last_key, max_val) = (key, max(max_val, int(val)))
if last_key:
print "%s\t%s" % (last_key, max_val)
运行
% hadoop jar $HADOOP_INSTALL/contrib/streaming/hadoop-*-streaming.jar \
-input input/ncdc/sample.txt \
-output output \
-mapper ch02/src/main/ruby/max_temperature_map.py\
-reducer ch02/src/main/ruby/max_temperature_reduce.py
Bash shell
Map
#!/usr/bin/env bash
# NLineInputFormat gives a single line: key is offset, value is S3 URI
read offset s3file
# Retrieve file from S3 to local disk
echo "reporter:status:Retrieving $s3file" >&2
$HADOOP_INSTALL/bin/hadoop fs -get $s3file .
# Un-bzip and un-tar the local file
target=`basename $s3file .tar.bz2`
mkdir -p $target
echo "reporter:status:Un-tarring $s3file to $target" >&2
tar jxf `basename $s3file` -C $target
# Un-gzip each station file and concat into one file
echo "reporter:status:Un-gzipping $target" >&2
for file in $target/*/*
do
gunzip -c $file >> $target.all
echo "reporter:status:Processed $file" >&2
done
# Put gzipped version into HDFS
echo "reporter:status:Gzipping $target and putting in HDFS" >&2
gzip -c $target.all | $HADOOP_INSTALL/bin/hadoop fs -put - gz/$target.gz
运行
% hadoop jar $HADOOP_INSTALL/contrib/streaming/hadoop-*-streaming.jar \
-D mapred.reduce.tasks=0 \
-D mapred.map.tasks.speculative.execution=false \
-D mapred.task.timeout=12000000 \
-input ncdc_files.txt \
-inputformat org.apache.hadoop.mapred.lib.NLineInputFormat \
-output output \
-mapper load_ncdc_map.sh \
-file load_ncdc_map.sh
Combiner
在streaming模式下,仍然可以运行Combiner,两种方法:
这里具体解释第二种方法:
% hadoop jar $HADOOP_INSTALL/contrib/streaming/hadoop-*-streaming.jar \
-input input/ncdc/all \
-output output \
-mapper "ch02/src/main/ruby/max_temperature_map.rb | sort |
ch02/src/main/ruby/max_temperature_reduce.rb" \
-reducer ch02/src/main/ruby/max_temperature_reduce.rb \
-file ch02/src/main/ruby/max_temperature_map.rb \
-file ch02/src/main/ruby/max_temperature_reduce.rb
注意看-mapper这一行,通关管道的方式,把mapper的临时输出文件(intermediate file,Map完成后的临时文件)作为输入,送到sort进行排序,然后送到reduce脚本,来完成类似于combiner的工作。这时候的输出才真正的作为shuffle的输入,被分组并在网络上发送到Reduce
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