发布于 2016-01-27 02:06:15 | 179 次阅读 | 评论: 0 | 来源: 分享
IPython Python的命令行交互
IPython 是 Python 的原生交互式 shell 的增强版，可以完成许多不同寻常的任务，比如帮助实现并行化计算；主要使用它提供的交互性帮助，比如代码着色、改进了的命令行回调、制表符完成、宏功能以及改进了的交互式帮助。
以前在我的PPTpython高级编程也提到了一些关于ipython的用法. 今天继续由浅入深的看看ipython, 本文作为读者的你已经知道ipython并且用了一段时间了.
这是一个magic命令, 能把你的脚本里面的代码运行, 并且把对应的运行结果存入ipython的环境变量中:
$cat t.py
# coding=utf-8
l = range(5)
$ipython
In [1]: %run t.py # `%`可加可不加
In [2]: l # 这个l本来是t.py里面的变量, 这里直接可以使用了
Out[2]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
In [3]: %alias largest ls -1sSh | grep %s
In [4]: largest to
total 42M
20K tokenize.py
16K tokenize.pyc
8.0K story.html
4.0K autopep8
4.0K autopep8.bak
4.0K story_layout.html
PS 别名需要存储的, 否则重启ipython就不存在了:
In [5]: %store largest
Alias stored: largest (ls -1sSh | grep %s)
下次进入的时候%store -r
In [2]: %pwd
Out[2]: u'/home/vagrant'
In [3]: %bookmark dongxi ~/shire/dongxi
In [4]: %cd dongxi
/home/vagrant/shire/dongxi_code
In [5]: %pwd
Out[5]: u'/home/vagrant/shire/dongxi_code'
其实ipython提供的方便的并行计算的功能. 先回答ipython做并行计算的特点:
1. $wget http://www.gutenberg.org/files/27287/27287-0.txt
第一个版本是直接的, 大家习惯的用法.
In [1]: import re
In [2]: import io
In [3]: non_word = re.compile(r'[\W\d]+', re.UNICODE)
In [4]: common_words = {
...: 'the','of','and','in','to','a','is','it','that','which','as','on','by',
...: 'be','this','with','are','from','will','at','you','not','for','no','have',
...: 'i','or','if','his','its','they','but','their','one','all','he','when',
...: 'than','so','these','them','may','see','other','was','has','an','there',
...: 'more','we','footnote', 'who', 'had', 'been', 'she', 'do', 'what',
...: 'her', 'him', 'my', 'me', 'would', 'could', 'said', 'am', 'were', 'very',
...: 'your', 'did', 'not',
...: }
In [5]: def yield_words(filename):
...: import io
...: with io.open(filename, encoding='latin-1') as f:
...: for line in f:
...: for word in line.split():
...: word = non_word.sub('', word.lower())
...: if word and word not in common_words:
...: yield word
...:
In [6]: def word_count(filename):
...: word_iterator = yield_words(filename)
...: counts = {}
...: counts = defaultdict(int)
...: while True:
...: try:
...: word = next(word_iterator)
...: except StopIteration:
...: break
...: else:
...: counts[word] += 1
...: return counts
...:
In [6]: from collections import defaultdict # 脑残了 忘记放进去了..
In [7]: %time counts = word_count(filename)
CPU times: user 88.5 ms, sys: 2.48 ms, total: 91 ms
Wall time: 89.3 ms
现在用ipython来跑一下:
ipcluster start -n 2 # 好吧, 我的Mac是双核的
先讲下ipython 并行计算的用法:
In [1]: from IPython.parallel import Client # import之后才能用%px*的magic
In [2]: rc = Client()
In [3]: rc.ids # 因为我启动了2个进程
Out[3]: [0, 1]
In [4]: %autopx # 如果不自动 每句都需要: `%px xxx`
%autopx enabled
In [5]: import os # 这里没autopx的话 需要: `%px import os`
In [6]: print os.getpid() # 2个进程的pid
[stdout:0] 62638
[stdout:1] 62636
In [7]: %pxconfig --targets 1 # 在autopx下 这个magic不可用
[stderr:0] ERROR: Line magic function `%pxconfig` not found.
[stderr:1] ERROR: Line magic function `%pxconfig` not found.
In [8]: %autopx # 再执行一次就会关闭autopx
%autopx disabled
In [10]: %pxconfig --targets 1 # 指定目标对象, 这样下面执行的代码就会只在第2个进程下运行
In [11]: %%px --noblock # 其实就是执行一段非阻塞的代码
....: import time
....: time.sleep(1)
....: os.getpid()
....:
Out[11]: <AsyncResult: execute>
In [12]: %pxresult # 看 只返回了第二个进程的pid
Out[1:21]: 62636
In [13]: v = rc[:] # 使用全部的进程, ipython可以细粒度的控制那个engine执行的内容
In [14]: with v.sync_imports(): # 每个进程都导入time模块
....: import time
....:
importing time on engine(s)
In [15]: def f(x):
....: time.sleep(1)
....: return x * x
....:
In [16]: v.map_sync(f, range(10)) # 同步的执行
Out[16]: [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]
In [17]: r = v.map(f, range(10)) # 异步的执行
In [18]: r.ready(), r.elapsed # celery的用法
Out[18]: (True, 5.87735)
In [19]: r.get() # 获得执行的结果
Out[19]: [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]
入正题:
In [20]: def split_text(filename):
....: text = open(filename).read()
....: lines = text.splitlines()
....: nlines = len(lines)
....: n = 10
....: block = nlines//n
....: for i in range(n):
....: chunk = lines[i*block:(i+1)*(block)]
....: with open('count_file%i.txt' % i, 'w') as f:
....: f.write('\n'.join(chunk))
....: cwd = os.path.abspath(os.getcwd())
....: fnames = [ os.path.join(cwd, 'count_file%i.txt' % i) for i in range(n)] # 不用glob是为了精准
....: return fnames
In [21]: from IPython import parallel
In [22]: rc = parallel.Client()
In [23]: view = rc.load_balanced_view()
In [24]: v = rc[:]
In [25]: v.push(dict(
....: non_word=non_word,
....: yield_words=yield_words,
....: common_words=common_words
....: ))
Out[25]: <AsyncResult: _push>
In [26]: fnames = split_text(filename)
In [27]: def count_parallel():
.....: pcounts = view.map(word_count, fnames)
.....: counts = defaultdict(int)
.....: for pcount in pcounts.get():
.....: for k, v in pcount.iteritems():
.....: counts[k] += v
.....: return counts, pcounts
.....:
In [28]: %time counts, pcounts = count_parallel() # 这个时间包含了我再聚合的时间
CPU times: user 47.6 ms, sys: 6.67 ms, total: 54.3 ms # 是不是比直接运行少了很多时间?
Wall time: 106 ms # 这个时间是
In [29]: pcounts.elapsed, pcounts.serial_time, pcounts.wall_time
Out[29]: (0.104384, 0.13980499999999998, 0.104384)
更多地关于并行计算请看这里: Parallel Computing with IPython