发布于 2014-07-02 22:52:31 | 323 次阅读 | 评论: 0 | 来源: 网友投递
Rust 编程语言
Rust是Mozilla开发的注重安全、性能和并发性的编程语言。创建这个新语言的目的是为了解决一个很顽疾的问题：软件的演进速度大大低于硬件的演进，软件在语言级别上无法真正利用多核计算带来的性能提升。Rust是针对多核体系提出的语言，并且吸收一些其他动态语言的重要特性，比如不需要管理内存，比如不会出现Null指针等等。
Rust是Mozilla开发的注重安全、性能和并发性的编程语言。
Rust 0.11.0 发布了，改进记录包括：
* ~1700 changes, numerous bugfixes
* Language
* ~[T] has been removed from the language. This type is superseded by
the Vec<T> type.
* ~str has been removed from the language. This type is superseded by
the String type.
* ~T has been removed from the language. This type is superseded by the
Box<T> type.
* @T has been removed from the language. This type is superseded by the
standard library's std::gc::Gc<T> type.
* Struct fields are now all private by default.
* Vector indices and shift amounts are both required to be a `uint`
instead of any integral type.
* Byte character, byte string, and raw byte string literals are now all
supported by prefixing the normal literal with a `b`.
* Multiple ABIs are no longer allowed in an ABI string
* The syntax for lifetimes on closures/procedures has been tweaked
slightly: `<'a>|A, B|: 'b + K -> T`
* Floating point modulus has been removed from the language; however it
is still provided by a library implementation.
* Private enum variants are now disallowed.
* The `priv` keyword has been removed from the language.
* A closure can no longer be invoked through a &-pointer.
* The `use foo, bar, baz;` syntax has been removed from the language.
* The transmute intrinsic no longer works on type parameters.
* Statics now allow blocks/items in their definition.
* Trait bounds are separated from objects with + instead of : now.
* Objects can no longer be read while they are mutably borrowed.
* The address of a static is now marked as insignificant unless the
#[inline(never)] attribute is placed it.
* The #[unsafe_destructor] attribute is now behind a feature gate.
* Struct literals are no longer allowed in ambiguous positions such as
if, while, match, and for..in.
* Declaration of lang items and intrinsics are now feature-gated by
default.
* Integral literals no longer default to `int`, and floating point
literals no longer default to `f64`. Literals must be suffixed with an
appropriate type if inference cannot determine the type of the
literal.
* The Box<T> type is no longer implicitly borrowed to &mut T.
* Procedures are now required to not capture borrowed references.
* Libraries
* The standard library is now a "facade" over a number of underlying
libraries. This means that development on the standard library should
be speeder due to smaller crates, as well as a clearer line between
all dependencies.
* A new library, libcore, lives under the standard library's facade
which is Rust's "0-assumption" library, suitable for embedded and
kernel development for example.
* A regex crate has been added to the standard distribution. This crate
includes statically compiled regular expressions.
* The unwrap/unwrap_err methods on Result require a Show bound for
better error messages.
* The return types of the std::comm primitives have been centralized
around the Result type.
* A number of I/O primitives have gained the ability to time out their
operations.
* A number of I/O primitives have gained the ability to close their
reading/writing halves to cancel pending operations.
* Reverse iterator methods have been removed in favor of `rev()` on
their forward-iteration counterparts.
* A bitflags! macro has been added to enable easy interop with C and
management of bit flags.
* A debug_assert! macro is now provided which is disabled when
`--cfg ndebug` is passed to the compiler.
* A graphviz crate has been added for creating .dot files.
* The std::cast module has been migrated into std::mem.
* The std::local_data api has been migrated from freestanding functions
to being based on methods.
* The Pod trait has been renamed to Copy.
* jemalloc has been added as the default allocator for types.
* The API for allocating memory has been changed to use proper alignment
and sized deallocation
* Connecting a TcpStream or binding a TcpListener is now based on a
string address and a u16 port. This allows connecting to a hostname as
opposed to an IP.
* The Reader trait now contains a core method, read_at_least(), which
correctly handles many repeated 0-length reads.
* The process-spawning API is now centered around a builder-style
Command struct.
* The :? printing qualifier has been moved from the standard library to
an external libdebug crate.
* Eq/Ord have been renamed to PartialEq/PartialOrd. TotalEq/TotalOrd
have been renamed to Eq/Ord.
* The select/plural methods have been removed from format!. The escapes
for { and } have also changed from { and } to {{ and }},
respectively.
* The TaskBuilder API has been re-worked to be a true builder, and
extension traits for spawning native/green tasks have been added.
* Tooling
* All breaking changes to the language or libraries now have their
commit message annotated with `[breaking-change]` to allow for easy
discovery of breaking changes.
* The compiler will now try to suggest how to annotate lifetimes if a
lifetime-related error occurs.
* Debug info continues to be improved greatly with general bug fixes and
better support for situations like link time optimization (LTO).
* Usage of syntax extensions when cross-compiling has been fixed.
* Functionality equivalent to GCC & Clang's -ffunction-sections,
-fdata-sections and --gc-sections has been enabled by default
* The compiler is now stricter about where it will load module files
from when a module is declared via `mod foo;`.
* The #[phase(syntax)] attribute has been renamed to #[phase(plugin)].
Syntax extensions are now discovered via a "plugin registrar" type
which will be extended in the future to other various plugins.
* Lints have been restructured to allow for dynamically loadable lints.
* A number of rustdoc improvements:
* The HTML output has been visually redesigned.
* Markdown is now powered by hoedown instead of sundown.
* Searching heuristics have been greatly improved.
* The search index has been reduced in size by a great amount.
* Cross-crate documentation via `pub use` has been greatly improved.
* Primitive types are now hyperlinked and documented.
* Documentation has been moved from static.rust-lang.org/doc to
doc.rust-lang.org
* A new sandbox, play.rust-lang.org, is available for running and
sharing rust code examples on-line.
* Unused attributes are now more robustly warned about.
* The dead_code lint now warns about unused struct fields.
* Cross-compiling to iOS is now supported.
* Cross-compiling to mipsel is now supported.
* Stability attributes are now inherited by default and no longer apply
to intra-crate usage, only inter-crate usage.
* Error message related to non-exhaustive match expressions have been
greatly improved.
下载地址：
Source * http://static.rust-lang.org/dist/rust-0.11.0.tar.gz http://static.rust-lang.org/dist/rust-0.11.0.tar.gz.asc SHA256 (of .tar.gz): d1b3e36448bf12b8c9289024df416de10774b6d3235d7b1d22b248ef634411ba Windows installer * http://static.rust-lang.org/dist/rust-0.11.0-install.exe http://static.rust-lang.org/dist/rust-0.11.0-install.exe.asc SHA256 (of .exe): fb253072ba5373eb0af388f63e51122af9dd13379d762ca4100ee7334dbec9d2 Linux binary tarballs * http://static.rust-lang.org/dist/rust-0.11.0-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu.tar.gz http://static.rust-lang.org/dist/rust-0.11.0-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu.tar.gz.asc SHA256 (of .tar.gz): 331d6374b3c8fca3e2b5fffb65ce75dfce3529bd47333de4a9ce636cb87be432 * http://static.rust-lang.org/dist/rust-0.11.0-i686-unknown-linux-gnu.tar.gz http://static.rust-lang.org/dist/rust-0.11.0-i686-unknown-linux-gnu.tar.gz.asc SHA256 (of .tar.gz): cbfe2050f708479f2625a935d2f41165868f354ff740d2697e08acb2255670b2 Mac OS X binary installers * http://static.rust-lang.org/dist/rust-0.11.0-x86_64-apple-darwin.pkg http://static.rust-lang.org/dist/rust-0.11.0-x86_64-apple-darwin.pkg.asc SHA256 (of .pkg): 1183d6c8ab021f4049a2906c1527f705bae4bb4935aea897f4860eb5337363c3 * http://static.rust-lang.org/dist/rust-0.11.0-i686-apple-darwin.pkg http://static.rust-lang.org/dist/rust-0.11.0-i686-apple-darwin.pkg.asc SHA256 (of .pkg): 8f5a1fe491d83c6be0a3082f0ac8504c89eed38263ae0ac0fad15d8c02e3b267 Mac OS X binary tarballs * http://static.rust-lang.org/dist/rust-0.11.0-x86_64-apple-darwin.tar.gz http://static.rust-lang.org/dist/rust-0.11.0-x86_64-apple-darwin.tar.gz.asc SHA256 (of .tar.gz): bbac91aff5464c20f39afcf078a693c4612717d6b1cc3f86f92075b2103bc22e * http://static.rust-lang.org/dist/rust-0.11.0-i686-apple-darwin.tar.gz http://static.rust-lang.org/dist/rust-0.11.0-i686-apple-darwin.tar.gz.asc SHA256 (of .tar.gz): 93d6e6e98d00df3e946e4f7765172ad522a118dd34f1fac73ba74d43df92698